Strategies Toward Stable Nonaqueous Alkali Metal–O2 Batteries

Alkali metal–O₂ batteries, by coupling high‐capacity alkali metal anodes with gaseous oxygen, possess extremely high gravimetric energy density that is comparable to gasoline and are potential energy storage technologies beyond lithium–ion batteries. The development of alkali metal–O₂ batteries has achieved great progress in recent years, from materials to prototype devices and on fundamental mechanisms. The stability of alkali metal–O₂ batteries is still poor, however, leading to a huge gap between laboratory research and commercial applications. A series of parasitic reactions result in the instability, which occur during electrochemical discharging and charging. The ubiquitous active oxygen species attack both the organic electrolyte and the carbon cathode, triggering various parasitic reactions. Meanwhile, dendrite growth and volume expansion upon repeated plating/stripping and O₂ crossover severely limit the reversibility of alkali metal anodes. Here, an overview of the strategies against these issues is given to improve the stability of nonaqueous alkali metal–O₂ batteries, which is discussed from three aspects: air cathodes, alkali metal anodes, and aprotic electrolytes. Furthermore, perspectives for future research of stable alkali metal–O₂ batteries are outlined.     

Synergistic Engineering of Defects and Architecture in Binary Metal Chalcogenide toward Fast and Reliable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have great promise to support the next‐generation energy storage if their sluggish redox kinetics and polysulfide shuttling can be addressed. The rational design of sulfur electrodes plays key roles in tacking these problems and achieving high‐efficiency sulfur electrochemistry. Herein, a synergetic defect and architecture engineering strategy to design highly disordered spinel Ni–Co oxide double‐shelled microspheres (NCO‐HS), which consist of defective spinel NiCo₂O_4–x (x = 0.9 if all nickel is Ni²⁺ and cobalt is Co^2.13+), as the multifunctional sulfur host material is reported. The in situ constructed cation and anion defects endow the NCO‐HS with significantly enhanced electronic conductivity and superior polysulfide adsorbability. Meanwhile, the delicate nanoconstruction offers abundant active interfaces and reduced ion diffusion pathways for efficient Li–S chemistry. Attributed to these synergistic features, the sulfur composite electrode achieves excellent rate performance up to 5 C, remarkable cycling stability over 800 cycles and good areal capacity of 6.3 mAh cm^?2 under high sulfur loading. This proposed strategy based on synergy engineering could also inform material engineering in related energy storage and conversion fields.     

Capillary Encapsulation of Metallic Potassium in Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Use as Stable Potassium Metal Anodes

Metallic potassium (K) is a desirable anode for potassium secondary batteries due to its low electrode potential in nonaqueous electrolytes and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, instability caused by dendritic growth, large volume changes, and parasitic side reactions hamper its practical application. Here, an anode containing metallic K is fabricated by infiltrating an aligned carbon nanotube membrane (ACM) with molten K because of its good wettability to molten K due to the strong capillary forces. The K metal is spatially distributed on the 3D ACM framework, which offers sufficient electrode/electrolyte contact for charge transfer. The robust ACM host provides a large number of K nucleation sites and physically confines the K deposited there, thus mitigating dimensional changes during cycling. The pathways for electrons and ions in the anode are associated to form a mixed conducting network, which is beneficial for the electrochemical redox. Consequently, the anode shows stable plating/stripping profiles with low polarization in symmetric cells using conventional carbonate‐based electrolytes. In addition, dendrite growth is suppressed, and the anode demonstrates excellent suitability when paired with a Prussian blue cathode in a full cell. This design strategy is expected to provide a way to address the problems with using metallic K anodes.     

The mixed culture of microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for microbial biomass production

Microbial biomass which mostly generated from the microbial processes of bacteria, yeasts, and microalgae is an important resource. Recent concerns in microbial biomass production field, especially microbial lipid production for biofuel, have been focused towards the mixed culture of microalgae and yeast. To more comprehensive understanding of the mixed culture for microbial biomass, mono Chlorella pyrenoidosa, mono Yarrowia lipolytica and the mixed culture were investigated in the present work. Results showed that the mixed culture achieved significantly faster cell propagation of microalga and yeast, smaller individual cell size of yeast and higher relative chlorophyll content of microalga. The mixed culture facilitated the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen and drove the carbon flow to carbohydrate. Besides higher lipid yield (0.77 g/L), higher yields of carbohydrates (1.82 g/L), protein (1.99 g/L) and heating value (114.64 kJ/L) indicated the microbial biomass harvested from the mixed culture have more potential utilization in renewable energy, feedstuff, and chemical industry.

     

Study of the mechanism for increased protein expression via transcription potency reduction of the selection marker

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Stable transfection of mammalian cells using various expression cassettes for exogenous gene expression has been well established. The impact of critical...     

PD-L1基因敲除小鼠构建及初步表型验证

目的 程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)是免疫调节途径的重要因子,是抗肿瘤免疫疗法中重要的靶标之一。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建PD-L1基因敲除小鼠模型,并初步分析其表型。方法 构建Cas9和sgRNA载体,并转录获得RNA,通过显微注射方式将RNA注射到C57BL/6小鼠受精卵中,经过鉴定获得F₀代阳性小鼠。F₀代小鼠与野生型C57BL/6小鼠交配获得F₁代杂合子小鼠,再通过F₁代小鼠自交获得F₂代纯合子小鼠品系。随后通过Real-Time PCR和流式实验分别检测PD-L1基因在mRNA和蛋白质水平上的表达情况。结果 Real-Time PCR和流式实验检测结果显示与野生型C57小鼠相比,PD-L1纯合子小鼠的PD-L1 mRNA相对表达水平和细胞上的蛋白质表达均有显著性下降,仅测定到本底的信号,证实已成功构建PD-L1基因敲除小鼠品系,为PD-L1体内基因功能研究提供了新的小鼠模型。     

利用扁桃斑鸠菊叶发酵高产粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖是粗毛纤孔菌液体发酵的重要活性代谢产物,但采用常规的发酵方法,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量较低。为更好地获取粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖,本文采用双向液体发酵的方法,通过向发酵培养基中添加适量的扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末,来提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,并对优化得到的胞外多糖抗氧化活性进行了研究。以发酵液中胞外多糖含量为指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化发酵条件;采用红外光谱对胞外多糖的结构特征进行分析;通过测定胞外多糖对ABTS、DPPH和羟基自由基的清除率来了解其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优发酵条件为:扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末添加量0.5g/L、发酵时间10d、pH 6.5、接种量5.0mL,在此条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量达到(2.34±0.25)mg/mL,与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的空白组相比,其胞外多糖产量提高了约216.22%;红外分析与抗氧化活性实验结果表明,添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶后的胞外多糖与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的胞外多糖红外主要吸收峰一致,并且对ABTS、DPPH以及羟基自由基清除能力相近。本研究结果表明扁桃斑鸠菊叶能够有效地提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,为其他珍稀食药用菌胞外多糖的高效生产提供了新思路。     

便携式运动能力检测系统的研制

目的:检测儿童的平衡能力和下肢力量,研究评估儿童运动能力的相关指标。方法:设计了一套便携式运动能力检测系统,检测儿童的平衡能力和下肢力量。本系统由运动能力检测设备和上位机数据分析存储展示部分组成。结果:研制的便携式运动能力检测系统具有可穿戴、功耗低等优点,能够准确地记录儿童的运动数据。结论:便携式运动能力检测系统能够检测使用者在运动过程中的平衡数据和下肢力量数据,及时发现运动能力的缺陷,为儿童的日常生活和锻炼提供参考。     

β2糖蛋白I及其抗体在抗磷脂抗体综合症病理进程中的作用探讨

抗磷脂抗体综合症(Antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)是以反复的动脉和静脉血栓形成为特征,与内皮细胞及单核淋巴细胞功能失调有关。β2糖蛋白Ⅰ是一种磷脂结合型糖蛋白,抗β2糖蛋白Ⅰ抗体与血栓形成密切相关,并且在APS的发生发展过程中具有决定性作用,但是抗β2糖蛋白Ⅰ及其抗体的功能尚未阐明。本文将围绕β2GPⅠ及其抗体的结构、生物学功能及其在血栓形成中的作用等方面进行详细的阐述,期望为APS发生发展过程中抗原抗体复合物调节细胞功能的分子机制提供新的视点。     

数字聚合酶链反应及其在感染性疾病中的应用

数字聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)采用与定量PCR相同的荧光化学原理和不同的数学原理来实现对靶标核酸序列的绝对定量,其摒弃了对外部参照的依赖,同时具有更高的数据精密度,提高了重复性和再现性。数字PCR的应用涵盖生命科学众多领域,特别是在医学检验领域,其对疾病相关核酸分子标记的准确分析,为疾病的早期诊断、进展监测、疗效评估提供了动态量化指标。数字PCR的出现将推动基于核酸扩增技术的分子生物学检测迈入精准定量阶段。本文就数字PCR尤其是微滴式数字PCR在感染性疾病中的应用进展及前沿进行综述。